The Tudors were a major European power that aimed to extend their political and social control into Ireland, which was at the time a decentralized and culturally alien region. The exhaustive Tudor conquests continued over 60 years, and still raise questions close to five centuries in the future.

Frontiers, Stages and Identity in Early Modern Ireland and Beyond (Four Courts Press, 2016), is a new collection of original essays on historical Ireland assembled in honor of Steven G. Ellis, professor of History at the National University of Ireland. Maginn co-edited the collection along with Gerald Power, lecturer at Metropolitan University Prague. They asked Ellis’ former students, friends, and colleagues to submit essays based on, or inspired by, Ellis’ celebrated work as a scholar of early modern Irish and British history.

“The volume is geared primarily at academics and college-level students,” said Maginn. “It is our hope (the essays) will not only offer a fitting tribute to Professor Ellis, but will also singularly and collectively throw new light on areas of European history: from 14^th-century Ireland to the Netherlands in the 16^th century to Iceland in the 19^th century.” Interested parties can find the Frontiers… collection here.

Maginn contributed his own essay to the volume: One state or two? Ireland and England under the Tudors. His piece explores whether the two Tudor kingdoms–England and Ireland–were regarded as being part of a united Tudor state, or whether they were treated as two separate states under Tudor rule. “These kinds of questions were a central feature of Professor Ellis’ research on the formation of the early modern British state,” he said.

Maginn has always had an interest in Tudor and Gaelic History, so the clash between Gaelic and English civilizations which occurred in Ireland was a neat fit for his interests, he said. Professor Ellis supervised Maginn’s doctoral thesis more than a decade ago at the National University of Ireland. In the years since, Ellis and Maginn have written two books together The Making of the British Isles: the state of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660 (2007) and more recently, The Tudor Discovery of Ireland (2015). 

– Kiran Singh

But Ireland represented the great Tudor failure, say historians. England’s relationship with Ireland was historically troubled, with England often seen as the winner and Ireland as the loser.

This clash, and Tudor efforts to gather information about Ireland, are the subject of The Tudor Discovery of Ireland (Four Courts Press, 2015), coauthored by Christopher Maginn, PhD, professor of history at Fordham and Steven Ellis, PhD, of the National University of Ireland at Galway.

England’s Tudor officials and the Tudors themselves were trying to govern a country they knew little about. Of the ministers who handled the day-to-day running of government, few traveled to Ireland or were familiar with its customs.

The book shows how the Tudor state and William Cecil—“the premier statesman of the latter half of the 16^th century” and “the man who actually governed England”—went about culling information on Ireland, Maginn said.

The book’s centerpiece and inspiration is the Hatfield Compendium, a manuscript akin to a dossier that Maginn discovered while conducting research for one of his previous books, William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State (Oxford University Press, 2012).

The anonymous manuscript was compiled during the reign of Henry VIII. Maginn dated it to around 1538, and named it for its place of residence, the Hatfield House Library in Hertfordshire, England.

The text is an accumulation of documents spliced together and written in one hand. “It is similar to a start-up guide to Ireland, complete with letters, reports, political treatises, and other information on Ireland,” Maginn said.

As Maginn transcribed the text from the original hand, he found that the information in the document was already known to historians, but the massive dossier was the first of its kind in that it compiled a vast amount of data in one place.

Maginn found one of the most fascinating parts of the dossier to be the “A Description of the power of Irishmen.”

“[The document] lists every single Irish clan in Ireland and what the Tudors reckoned their military strength to be, suggesting a war-heavy culture,” said Maginn.

It is difficult to say whether or not the manuscript was ever really used, but it is telling of the way the Tudors acquired knowledge.

“The dossier would have been helpful for the men who used it, but it seems to have been created, seemingly put away someplace for a while, and then long forgotten,” said Maginn.

Maginn’s work on the book was supported by a Fordham faculty fellowship, and by fellowships from the Irish American Cultural Institute and the Moore Institute at the National University of Ireland at Galway.

–Angie Chen, FCLC ’12

Of course, when it comes to learning Irish, Midtown Manhattan has nothing on the Emerald Isle, which is why we’re excited that the institute has awarded Sarah Rose Sullivan and Colleen Taylor, both sophomores at Fordham College Rose Hill, Irish language scholarships.

The scholarships, say institute director Christopher Maginn, PhD, F.R.H.S., Assistant Professor of History, will enable Sullivan and Taylor to travel to the West of Ireland in July to study the Irish language at the National University of Ireland, Galway.

We wish them both the best of luck of the Irish.

The Northern Ireland peace process has done more than transform life in Ulster over the past decade. The Good Friday Agreement, which established a power-sharing government between formerly warring sections of the population, has opened up new areas of scholarly inquiry for historians like Christopher Maginn, Ph.D.

“I look at the intermingling of peoples, the clash of peoples, the destruction of peoples, the destruction of languages and the rise of languages—all of that within what we call the Atlantic Archipelago,” said Maginn, assistant professor of history at Fordham College at Lincoln Center.

Because strife between Irish republicans and British loyalists was so intense in much of 20th-century Northern Ireland, Maginn, director of Irish studies at Fordham, said that historians tended to stick to their own countries: English scholars studied England; Irish scholars studied Ireland, and so forth.

Maginn, however, researches Ireland and Great Britain from an integrated perspective. Such scholarly thought falls under the rubric of “New British History.” In fact, he recently returned from a 16-month sabbatical at the National University of Ireland in Galway, where he co-wrote The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660 (Pearson Longman, 2007).

Now that relative peace has come to Northern Ireland, scholars who do research within the paradigm of New British history now feel more comfortable in applying their talents to the history of Ireland and Britain.

His book, Civilizing Gaelic Leinster: The Extension of Tudor Rule in the O’Byrne and O’Toole Lordships (Four Courts Press, 2005), the winner of the National University of Ireland’s historical research prize in 2005, is an example of research that would have been difficult to conduct in the past.

“Throughout the Tudor period, the English attempted—as they called it—to civilize Gaelic regions of Ireland. They would try to destroy the native culture, and Gaelic clansman fought bitter, bitter wars that they always lost,” he said.

“In 1975, at the height of the Troubles, an Irish Republican Army soldier in Belfast might say, ‘What’s the difference between me killing a British soldier now, in 1975, and Fiach Mac Hugh O’Byrne doing it in 1580?’” he explained.

Although conducting research on the history of Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales without rooting it in one particular nation still upsets some people, Maginn said it is easy to find concrete examples of how the countries’ pasts are entwined.

“A lot of people from Ireland are very proud of their county. But counties were introduced into Ireland by English people. A county is an English administrative unit. There was no such thing as a county in Gaelic Ireland,” said Maginn, who specializes in the period when the Tudors ruled the region.

The Tudor period, which starts in 1485 with Henry VII (known as Henry Tudor before his accession to the crown) and ends in 1609 with the death of Queen Elizabeth I, is filled with major changes, from the split between England and the Catholic Church to the colonization of North America.

During his sabbatical, Maginn convened an international conference on nobility in early modern Ireland and did research and writing for his next book, tentatively titled William Cecil and Ireland: Ministering a Tudor Kingdom. Cecil, who lived from 1520 to 1598, was the longest-serving minister for Queen Elizabeth I. As such, his name became very familiar to Maginn.

“I found these letters that were written to Cecil. Everyone would write to Cecil, and people would occasionally get a response. So I began looking at the secondary literature, and in every index I found William Cecil. I thought, ‘Has anyone tried to look at where this man stood on the Irish situation in the 16th century?’” he said.

“I found one bit of secondary literature that dismissed him entirely; it indicated that he was just a secretary. I found that not to be the case. So my book is really to disprove the idea that he was a simple automaton, that he got letters, signed them and passed them along to someone else.”

Although Queen Elizabeth had absolute power, Cecil was the best at influencing her opinion; Maginn compares their relationship to that of Karl Rove and former President George W. Bush.

“His representatives in Ireland would come up with policy, and he would take that policy and frame it, organize it and then go to the queen. On occasion, he would lie to the queen. Often he would dissemble in front of the queen. Often he would use someone else to talk to the queen to see if she was in good humor,” he said. “He would chivvy the queen into doing something. So it’s often hard to know where Cecil ends and Elizabeth begins.”

On Irish matters, Maginn said Cecil was on board with a Tudor policy of trying to educate the Irish to be more English. But unlike those who came after him, he did not advocate eradication of the Irish. In a letter written in the 1560s, he admonished the lord deputy of Ireland for saying: “I am with all the Wilde Irish, at the same point I am with bears and dogs when I see them fight, so that they fight earnestly and tug each other: I care not who have the worse.”

“It’s really kind of interesting, that split personality,” Maginn said. “I wish I could say Cecil was sympathetic to the Irish. It’s not quite the case, but he didn’t want to destroy them either. Again, when you begin to look at history, it’s never so neat.”